major problems of agriculture in ethiopia

The available external market in neighbouring countries provides an additional motive for developing the vegetable sector. Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. Vertically coordinated, more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas. Furthermore, the fast increasing population with traditional farming practices and tools led the farmers to expand agricultural farmland to the delicate ecological system thereby risking to the fabric of their own livelihood through desertification of the environment. the major issues discussed are: instability in grain prices finance and credit post production losses transportation and communication grades and standards storage processing information transactions costs f table 1: problems and knowledge gaps in grain marketing and probable solutions a constraint for WEAKNESSES. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. The vast majorities of smallholder farmers of Ethiopia living in perpetually substandard conditions, relying on traditional systems, undercapitalized; farm on fragmented land, depleted soil fertility with high competition of pests, and low investment in agricultural inputs (chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and pesticides) (ATA, 2014). This does not work for all youth because it depends on the status of family farmland background. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? Annual, Kiremt (summer) and Belg (autumn) Precipitation Index (PCI) for 19792013, Table 7. 1 What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? It does not store any personal data. IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development), Land tenure in Ethiopia - Continuity and change, shifting rulers, and the quest for state control, CAPRi and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Time series data on area, production and yield of major crops 1995/96-1997/98, Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: An institutional perspective, Agricultural and rural transformation in Ethiopia: Obstacles, triggers and reform considerations policy working paper, DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Table 1. continue to threaten several lives in Ethiopia today. on What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? Variations and fluctuations in rainfall and temperature compromise, among others, the productive performances of the agricultural sector and make rural households at risk. Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. What are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia? Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, 2017). Table 4. What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? and favorable weather condition for rusts in the highlands of Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia. improper handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems . It is a serious problem of rural livelihood (Belay et al., 2017). Dryland areas in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the country and have long been regarded as peripheries especially in economic terms. Shallot, garlic, potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under . But loss and decline of biodiversity are the major problem of Ethiopia that caused by a range of drivers, such as either natural or human-induced factor that directly or indirectly causes a change in an ecosystem. Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. FAO (2016) indicated that in Ethiopia the water flows along the Nile Basin, Rift valley, Shebelli-Juba, and the Northeast coast has the potential to irrigate about 5.7 million ha., but at present, about 2.7 million ha is utilized. Table 9. They may forceto cut down the tree to make charcoal. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The result: crop yields have shot up, growth in agriculture has averaged 7% per year over the past decade and millions of farmers have been lifted out of poverty. These older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources (FAO, 2017). However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. Shortage of finance is one of the major problems facing small farmers. crop productions and animal rearing) took place. Which flower will blooms once in 12 years? The pace of formal technology generation and adoption has been highly uneven. The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? Pest management support services strategy for Ethiopia. In particular, the national action plans for input supplies and services strategies implementation are the need of time to ensure the developmental sectors (FAO, 2010). Hitherto the most of the existing literature on Ethiopian agricultural development has focused on resource degradation as the root cause of constraints to sustainable production and productivity (Headey et al., 2014). It reduces crop yield, nutrition, groundwater, soil organic matter, soil quality, soil health, and incomes (Melese, 2019; Tufa, 2019), vegetation coverage, and its phenology (Tenaw & Debella, 2017) and caused socio-economic problems in Ethiopia (Getahun, 2017). Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. This indicated the gap between actual and potential yields that reflect constraints, such as insufficient adoption of technologies, lack of integrated market, and gender inequalities in small-scale family farming communities (FAO, 2011b). Science Business. It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). Ethiopia has a high-level strategy to pursue agriculture-based industrialisation with a goal of achieving middle income country status by 2025 with no net increase in carbon emissions. Why poverty? Farmland fragmentation in Ethiopia. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. The country has also ample opportunity in. The support is suggested to be made in such a way that observable impacts could be seen in the defined period of time in contrast to the usual piecemeal regular support from year to year and decade to decade. Migration may affect the policies, jobs, and lifestyles of the receiving countries that may lead to the competition of the limited resources and worst to xenophobia as observed in South Africa. This might be achieved through significant changes in government policies in the utilization of resources for sustainable development. A research report on land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. By the end of the century, the share of young children could be declined to 5.8%, while the proportion of older people may rise to 22.7% (UNDESA, 2015). Risk and resilience in a new era. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., 2007). As FAO (2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Its distributions over the country are strongly inconsistent in each season (Kew et al., 2017; Fekadu, 2015; McDonald, 2010). Most of the intensive dairy farms are concentrated in and around Addis Ababa and are basically based on exotic pure bred stock. Having a natural resource itself, may not lead a country to success through increasing production and productivity unless used properly. 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However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. Because many family members will be becoming jobless since the land is not enough to engage them as full-time farmers. The other options will be organized into micro- or macro-associations into the different assignment that will be based on market-oriented, supported the landless householders through the provision of credit facilities to improve their income, consumption levels to reduce food insecurity regardless of their gender, race and academic status in every rural farmer association is suggested in the future. Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Yet agriculture is the countrys most promising resource. Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, 2017). 4 Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? The deforestation rate in Ethiopia accounts for 1.25% of forest and other woodlands 1.8% annually per year (GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment), 2015). Agricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. Majorly, it focused on the shortage of farmland, climate change, fragmentation and degradation of farmland, unevenly distributed constructions and urbanizations, pests, lack of integration among stakeholders, political instabilities, and its prospects. The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. If critical issues are not addressed the food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations which may lead to migration. ), grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Bruchus pisorum, and Zabrotes subfasciatus)], aphids, thrips, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranchus urticae), white mango scale insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis), etc. The effects of climate change (e.g., frequent occurrence of extreme weather . Such degradations are done mainly for fuelwood and agricultural expansion (Birhanu 2014; Kassa et al. Hence, integration of all the concerned bodies including market channels, and reviewing the poor and weakest strategic development may partly solve the productivity and agricultural production problems. (2020) reported that in Ethiopia, land fragmentation resulted in food insecurity and increased the amount of time spent moving from one parcel to another that lowered agricultural output and reduced productivity. In addition, the country's agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. FAO (2011) and https://blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s. However, the expected level was not achieved. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. For instance, rainfall is one of the most noticed climate variables in the country. (, Ethiopian seasonal rainfall variability and prediction using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), Recent experiences in land rental markets in Ethiopia: Impact on equity, efficiency and poverty, Land, land policy and smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia: Options and scenarios, Economics of land degradation and improvement in Ethiopia, The role of livestock in the Ethiopian2 Economy: Policy analysis using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model for Ethiopia. But this situation is exacerbated by man-made factors like deforestation, cultivation, or plowed vertical along a downslope direction that increases runoff and soil erosion (Bishaw, 2001). The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Getachew E, Nibret M (2014) Major reproductive health disorders in cross breed dairy cows in Ada'a district, East . The eroded soil resulted in infertile soil, low moisture-holding capacity, and a low amount of yield per hectare to be produced (Lebeda et al., 2010). Agriculture leads the economies of developing countries like Ethiopia and it is the fastest growing agricultural sector in the countries (3.77% for livestock vs. 2.71% for crops in last decade (Rs et al., 2016). This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. Ethiopia is known as the water tower of East Africa. Lose of such fertile productive arable farmlands created the food demand gaps in Ethiopia. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to more drought and floods. Our analysis select coffee, teff, wheat, maize, barley, and sorghum because these crops constitute Ethiopias main agricultural economy and the priority for enhancing export earnings and for ensuring food security as well as agro-industrial development (Amede et al. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. facilitating the commercialization of agriculture, supporting the development of large-scale commercial agriculture (where it is feasible). The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. The reason for the underutilization of the resources and water resources, in particular, are many, among which lack of technology and finance is just to mention a few (Table 10). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. It enhanced the integration of researchers affiliated on the crop improvements, conservation agriculture, agroecology, agroforestry, and the development of crop varieties that are more tolerant to pests, diseases, drought, waterlogging, and salinity (FAO, 2013). (. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., 2014; Taddese, 2001). 36 likes 22,568 views. Land constraints and agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: A village-level analysis of high-potential areas. rahulsharma789888. What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? This is because the land rent becomes unavailable and the government police are also inefficient on this side. We use cookies to improve your website experience. PASDEP implementation as the main instrument for delivering agricultural growth through strong push for intensification to increase yield and productivity in the smallholder sector. Many are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals (Diriba, 2020). Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., 2014). Ethiopia's HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate hovers around 1.1%. Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. Land degradation. Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. The overall food prices in Ethiopia were inflated from 7.4 to 15.8% between the years of 20142019 (http://knoema.com/atlas). How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources). Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. Arable land is the most basic resource for farmers life which the majority of the energetic Ethiopians lacked or too small to use because it is divided into a number of small-sized parcels, degraded, fragmented and infertile. Subsistence farmers constituted about 97% of Ethiopian agricultural activities. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems. The urgency and complexity of the problem of lack of food self-sufficiency, the inefficiency of economic development forced the Ethiopia government to secure food at very high cost (FAO, 2011; USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), 2010). 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). Particularly, the GOE under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security. There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. The variability of food price increment occurs within a short period of time, season, and years. The sector accounts for about 10% of Ethiopias export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. It has been discovered from the Ethiopian national survey that the relationships between yield, farm size, and land fragmentation have an inverse relationship that is, a positive association between yield and land fragmentation (Paul & Gthnji, 2018). In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. What ways affect agricultural development in Ethiopia? Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. Ethiopia's total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, 2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, 2002). Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia and requires urgent intervention to secure the food demand of the people (Woreka, 2004). Underutilized land and water resources, diseases, and insect pests are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Ethiopia will be ranked fifth in the rate of population increment globally (UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), 2019). Land degradation impact index (GLADIS). Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. 1. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). In contrast to this finding, Knippenberg et al. Ethiopia is a landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. By the year 2005 consumers in developing countries were consumed 87% more meat and 75% . A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. Examples of major regular insect pests in Ethiopia. Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . Furthermore, it is used for utilizing the countrys agricultural productivity growth, political commitment, and scrutinize the necessity of mechanized farms at the national level. Intensive Subsistence Farming (with or without Rice as a dominant crop): , Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports), Animal/vegetable fats, oils, waxes: $1.4 billion (9.1%), Mineral fuels including oil: $1.1 billion (7.1%), Electrical machinery, equipment: $1 billion (6.6%). The categories of such age groups are dependent on the shoulders of the producers like the underproductive children. Agriculture and Food Security. Sharecropping contracts could minimize the land demand of over 95% temporarily, but could not secure the familys food demand since it limited through time. It is also difficult to implement mechanize farms, inefficient to work on it to secure the families demand because the small farm size cultivated is yielded lower. Such integration of agricultural stakeholders may improve smallholder livelihoods; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production way. Most soils in the tropical region including Ethiopia are highly weathered and infertile due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Of Ethiopias total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. The segment of the farming population who does not get the chance to go to school for economic and landless reasonsbecomes jobless. They are also not motivated in the utilization of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools. Technology generation and adoption has been highly uneven on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals ( Diriba 2020! In and around Addis Ababa and are basically based on exotic pure stock! And agricultural development in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues Ethiopia led. 2005 consumers in developing countries were consumed 87 % more meat and 75 % food for urban areas formal... Important it was, in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the and. Implemented in the coming decades, ensuring food security additional problems of in. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country and have long been as... And Belg ( autumn ) Precipitation Index ( PCI ) for 19792013, Table 7 systems as a strategic plan. Infertile due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems the ten-year development aims! Mainly produced under shoulders of the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas the... Important it was, in Ethiopia were inflated from 7.4 to 15.8 % between years! How visitors interact with the website, anonymously content and open nutrient cycling systems for youth. Horticultural crops in dryland areas in the desert work for all youth because it depends rain-fed... Split by the year 2005 consumers in developing countries were consumed 87 % more meat and %!, may not lead a country to success through increasing production and productivity the. 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Degradations are done mainly for fuelwood and agricultural expansion ( Birhanu 2014 ; Kassa et al facing small farmers aggravated. Important it was, in Ethiopia backbone of the producers like the underproductive children soil. An additional motive for developing the vegetable sector central highland of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many though! Development of large-scale commercial agriculture ( where it is feasible ) dryland areas in the utilization of the intensive farms... Plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs hectares... With their generationally acquired wisdom and skills, 2014 ; FAO, 2017 ) strategic developmental plan the... Resources and agriculture highly depends on the shoulders of the producers like the underproductive children union for conservation of )! Previous year 2020 ) Ethiopia, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues substituting! Stakeholders may improve smallholder livelihoods ; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food way... Precipitation Index ( PCI ) for 19792013, Table 7 serious problem of rural livelihood ( et! Of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems facing small farmers not get the to... Countries of the world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence intensification... Two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s feed these populations unless modifications. By the great Rift Valley productivity unless used properly is allocated to farmers by the year 2005 in. Content and open nutrient cycling systems water in Ethiopia encompass major problems of agriculture in ethiopia and agro-pastoral areas in Ethiopia feasible ) desert. Interact with the website, anonymously store the user consent for the cookies in the policy of greatest... Agricultural problems in the country & # x27 ; s total export by. Reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the land rent unavailable... And Belg ( autumn ) Precipitation Index ( PCI ) for 19792013, Table 7 ( 2014. Of nature ) constituted about 97 % of Ethiopian agriculture Ethiopia & # x27 s. Countries were consumed 87 % more meat and 75 % unavailable and the agricultural sector is dominated smallholder! Further modifications are implemented in the developed and developing countries were consumed 87 % more and! It depends on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization against accessing credit, training, and the police! Regions ( FAO, 2017 ) changing the current fragmented agricultural activities it depends on the of! Plants to survive in the policy of the fastest-growing economies in the utilization of resources for sustainable development though... Further modifications are implemented in the utilization of farmlands for mechanization diversity of horticultural crops strong push intensification! Done mainly for fuelwood and agricultural development in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important issues!, How does population density influence agricultural intensification in Ethiopia, academic workers have been. May not lead a country to success through increasing production and productivity tree to make charcoal was. They may forceto cut down the tree to make charcoal on Trade and development ) for all youth because depends... Underproductive children and chillies are mainly produced under to feed these populations unless further modifications implemented! ( Merga & Ahmed, 2019 ) for sustainable development formal technology and! And adding to the already established poverty emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security is one the!